History of the Gyro
This is a photo of Cierva's C.4 Autogiro which made the first gyro flight in history on Jan 9 1923!
The gyroplane, one of the most fascinating machines one can think of, has flown in our skies for over eighty years. The autogiro, or today called the gyroplane, is an invention of Juan de la Cierva, a civil engineer born in Spain. Distressed by the number of friend pilots who died as a result of fatal stalls, he decided to create a machine which could not be put in such condition. An aircraft which could not stall! He conceived a free-wheeling rotating wing kept in motion by the relative wind. This configuration ensured that the aircraft had sufficient lift to hold it aloft in any flight condition, whether slow, translated or vertical flight. The first successful flight of an autogiro was made at Getafe Airdrome, near Madrid, Spain, on January 9, 1923.

The autogyro concept proved itself in the 1930's and 1940's (as can be seen by the black and white photo below) when the Post Office Department used these craft for mail delivery from the roofs of post offices for nearly ten years. Hundreds of flights carrying thousands of pieces of mail were performed by Kellett and Pitcairn gyroplanes flying in Camden NJ, Philadelphia PA, Chicago IL, New Orleans LA, Washington DC and other cities.

 

During World War 2, the gyrocopter was used on the German U-Boats being towed aloft as an observation and alerting vehicle. The gyro was made famous also by a flight scene in one of the many James Bond movies. Through the Benson gyro in the 1960's, the gyro became a recreational aircraft, and was never used commercially. Most of the gyro's of this era were single seat gyro's. In the 1980's, two seat gyro's starting becoming more popular, and in South Africa, the Magni Gyro, together with the Rotax 914 powerplant, took the gyro into the modern age.
Flying Characteristics
Let us now take a closer look at a gyroplane that I currently fly, that is built in Germany - the MT-03.

The cockpit features tandem seating and dual controls. It is a very stable, easy to fly and predictable machine.

It features a Rotax 914 turbo (115HP), makes for the ideal solution in terms of weight, power and good torque. This engine has proved itself for it reliability, being 4 stroke, with electronic ignition, and the ability to download data onto a laptop from its onboard serial port! It also is flexible in  that one can use ordinary car fuel (95 Octane preferred), or Avgas. Fuel consumption ranges from 15-20 l/hour with a cruising speed range of 100-150km/h.

The fuel tank has a 73 litre capacity, good for a range of around 500km.

The rotor blades are made of aluminium, and have a factory recommended life span of 1 500 hours. A replacement set will not break the bank however, unlike helicopter blades that are 10x as much to replace!

A fundamental characteristic common to all modern gyros is the oversized tail planes with a large horizontal surface. The latter is essential in order to have a stable machine devoid of any "porpoising" tendencies, thus eliminating any possibility of PIO's (Pilot Induced Oscillations). The MT-03 is also designed with a low thrust line, which adds to it stability.

The MT-03 is easy to handle in any situation and, due to the very nature of the gyroplane, it is only marginally hampered, if at all, by either wind turbulence or updrafts (thermals).

With the gyro lined up on the runway, the rotor is pre-rotated using a very convenient pneumatic system to 200 RPM (rotor RPM). At 200 RPM, the pre-rotator is released, and the stick is pulled all the way back so as to expose the most rotor disk surface to the wind. The engine is simultaneously increased to take off power. The MT-03 has so much power available, that it is not necessary to use full power when solo! Normally I use climb power for the take-off (5 500 RPM). The highest a gyro has flown in South Africa is 22 000 feet above sea level!

The gyro lifts off in about 80 metres, leaving a good power reserve as the 914 can be pushed to 115% power or 5800 RPM.

The actual flight characteristics are very similar to a conventional plane although with a more limited use of the rudder pedals.

Even with with two people on board, the gyro is very manoeuvrable. The real impressive thing is the capability for this gyro to literally turn about its vertical axis: a completely new sensation for anybody who has never flown with this aircraft. Cruise is anywhere from 60-95 mph indicated.

The approach can be flown power on, or a complete glide, maintaining an indicated airspeed of 50-60 mph, or as low as 45mph with a little power on, really dragging her in for a short touchdown. Touch-down, occurs at a ridiculously low airspeed in the region of 20 mph! The aircraft stops in a space anywhere between 0 and 30 metres. It is quite possible to have a high obstacle on the approach, and be stationary within 100m of the obstacle after landing.

In conclusion, the MT-03 gyro is an aircraft which readily adapts to all types of applications, always ensuring fun and safe flying. It is not difficult to imagine how a possible power loss event can be easily turned into a normal landing due to its incredibly low minimum speed and landing space requirements, which are also a guarantee against overturning. I would go as far to say that the gyro is the safest form of flying in the event of a power failure, as it cannot stall like a fixed wing, and cannot run out of rotor RPM like a helicopter, and because it touches down at such a slow airspeed.

SPECIFICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE:

Empty Weight:           246 Kg
Max take-off weight:  550 Kg
Useful Load:             
 304 Kg
Fuel capacity:            73 l
Cruise Speed:            40-160 km/h

Fuel Consumption:     10-21l/hr
T/O Dist:                     50m (S.L.), 125m (Two up at 6000ft Elev.)
Landing Dist:              0-30m
Endurance:                 4:00 (no reserve)

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